Sources

125 sources, cited across 26 plates, 9 misbeliefs and 3 tradition lenses.

• (19th-century correspondent), Exposition of a Libel upon the Memory of the Ancients. 19th c.. Link · Archive secondary · details pending
• (article, PubMed Central), [Article on Xavier Bichat and the Traité des membranes]. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• (article, PubMed Central), [Centenary article on the discovery of insulin]. 2022. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• (article, PubMed Central), The Cellular Theory. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• (attributed to Suśruta), Suśrutasaṃhitā, Śārīrasthāna. compiled over centuries. primary
• (compiled, attributed to the Yellow Emperor), Huangdi Neijing (Inner Classic of the Yellow Emperor). c. 2nd–1st c. BCE. primary
• (review article, PubMed Central), [Review of Sushruta as the Father of Surgery]. 2024. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• (review, PubMed Central), So You've Made a Novel Discovery: The History of Our Knowledge of Central Nervous System Lymphatics May Change Your Mind. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• (review, PubMed Central), Neurosurgery and the glymphatic system. 2024. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• A. Aspelund et al., A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules. 2015. Journal of Experimental Medicine 212. primary
• A. F. Huxley, R. Niedergerke, Structural changes in muscle during contraction: interference microscopy of living muscle fibres. 1954. Nature 173:971–973. primary
• A. Louveau et al., Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. 2015. Nature 523. primary
• A. Mark Smith, Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception (De aspectibus, Books I–III). 2001. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 91. scholarly
• Aga Khan Museum (collection record AKM525), Manuscript of Tashrih-e Mansuri (Mansur's Anatomy). 17th c. copy. Link · Archive scholarly
• Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem. 1543. Johannes Oporinus, Basel. primary
• Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica librorum epitome. 1543. Johannes Oporinus, Basel. primary
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Observationes de natis e semine genitali animalculis (Philosophical Transactions 12, no. 142, p. 1040). 1677. primary
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Alle de brieven van Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (collected letters). 1939–. Link · Archive primary
• Aulus Cornelius Celsus, De medicina. 1st c. CE. primary
• Axel Key, Gustaf Retzius, Studien in der Anatomie des Nervensystems und des Bindegewebes. 1875–1876. Stockholm. primary
• B. Boon, Leonardo da Vinci on atherosclerosis and the function of the sinuses of Valsalva. 2009. Netherlands Heart Journal 17(12):496–499. doi:10.1007/BF03086311. Link · Archive scholarly
• Bibliotheca Alexandrina, SCIplanet, Herophilus and Erasistratus: The Butchers of Alexandria. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Buchs, History of a Discovery: Ibn Al-Nafis and the Lung Circulation. n.d. Medicina nei Secoli. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• Calcidius, Commentary on Plato's Timaeus. 4th c. CE. primary
• Cambridge University Library, Vesalius exhibition (muscle-men landscape series; male and female nudes). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Cambridge University Library (Lines of Thought exhibition), Mansur ibn Ilyas (active 1394–1409). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Carl Huffman, Alcmaeon (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). 2026. Link · Archive scholarly
• Charles T. Ambrose, [Account of the 17th-century Rudbeck–Bartholin priority dispute over the lymphatic system]. 2006. Cellular Immunology. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• Chinese Medicine and Culture, A historical model informing the future: acupuncture standardization in the Northern Song dynasty. n.d. doi:10.1097/mc9.0000000000000193. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• Claire Bubb, Finding your pig's voice (Classics for All). n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• CSIC (Spanish National Research Council), Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), the Cajal Legacy. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• David J. Furley, J. S. Wilkie, Galen on Respiration and the Arteries. 1984. Princeton University Press. scholarly
• Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Collip, James Bertram. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Dominik Wujastyk, [Study of the Wellcome Ayurvedic Man painting and its Sanskrit text, UCL Discovery eprint 15130]. 2008. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• Dominik Wujastyk (Indology list), Blood circulation (list post). 1999. Link · Archive secondary
• E. L. Kaplan, G. I. Salti, M. Roncella, N. Fulton, M. Kadowaki, History of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: from Galen to Lahey. 2009. World Journal of Surgery 33(3):386–393. doi:10.1007/s00268-008-9798-z. scholarly
• Endocrine Society, Endocrine Reviews, Insulin discovery 100th anniversary. 2021. Link · Archive scholarly
• Eric H. Chudler (University of Washington), The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Frontiers in Immunology (review), [Review of meningeal lymphatics including their history, article 3043]. 2019. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• Frontiers in Neuroanatomy (review), The Paravascular Pathway for Brain Waste Clearance: Current Understanding, Significance and Controversy. 2017. doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00101. scholarly
• G. Jan Meulenbeld, A History of Indian Medical Literature. 1999–2002. Egbert Forsten, Groningen. scholarly
• Gabriele Falloppio, Observationes anatomicae. 1561. Marcus Antonius Ulmus, Venice. primary
• Galen, Whether Blood Is Naturally Contained in the Arteries. 2nd c. CE. primary
• Galen, De usu partium (On the Usefulness of the Parts). 2nd c. CE. primary
• Galen, On Bones for Beginners. 2nd c. CE. primary
• Gaspare Aselli, De lactibus sive lacteis venis. 1627. Milan. primary
• H. E. Huxley, J. Hanson, Changes in the cross-striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and their structural interpretation. 1954. Nature 173:973–976. primary
• Harvard Gazette, [Report on Katharine Park's research overturning the myth that the Church prohibited dissection]. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary · details pending
• Hektoen International, Alcmaeon of Croton: philosopher-physician. 2017. Link · Archive secondary
• Hektoen International, Ibn al-Nafis and the pulmonary circulation. 2017. Link · Archive secondary
• Hektoen International, The beginnings of cell theory: Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. 2022. Link · Archive secondary
• Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente, De venarum ostiolis. 1603. Padua. primary
• Hong Kong Baptist University, Chinese Medicine Museum, Orientation Zone (history of the bronze acupuncture figures). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Ibn al-Haytham; A. I. Sabra (trans.), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I–III: On Direct Vision. 1989. Warburg Institute, London. primary
• Ibn al-Nafis, Sharḥ Tashrīḥ al-Qānūn (Commentary on the Anatomy of Avicenna's Canon). c. 1242. primary
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna), al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb (The Canon of Medicine). c. 1025. primary
• Isaac Vossius, Variarum observationum liber. 1685. primary
• J. J. Iliff, M. Nedergaard et al., A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. 2012. Science Translational Medicine 4. primary
• J. M. S. Pearce, The Neuroanatomy of Herophilus. 2013. European Neurology 69(5):292–295. Link · Archive scholarly
• James Henry Breasted (ed. and trans.), The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. 1930. University of Chicago Press. primary
• Jean Pecquet, Experimenta nova anatomica. 1651. primary
• Jeremy M. Norman (HistoryofInformation.com), Who Discovered the Pulmonary Circulation? Servetus, Valverde or Colombo?. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Jeremy M. Norman (HistoryofMedicine.com, Garrison-Morton), Fabricius, De venarum ostiolis. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Jeremy M. Norman (HistoryofMedicine.com, Garrison-Morton), Aselli, De lactibus. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Jeremy M. Norman (HistoryofMedicine.com, Garrison-Morton), Rudbeck, Nova exercitatio anatomica (1653). n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Jeremy M. Norman (HistoryofMedicine.com, Garrison-Morton), Gerardus Cremonensis (Gerard of Cremona). n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Jeremy M. Norman (HistoryofMedicine.com), [Entry on Isaak Vossius and the claim that the Chinese knew the circulation]. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Journal of General Physiology, 50 Year Anniversary of Sliding Filament. 2004. J Gen Physiol 123(6):629. Link · Archive scholarly
• Juan Valverde de Hamusco, Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano. 1556. primary
• Katharine Park, Secrets of Women: Gender, Generation, and the Origins of Human Dissection. 2006. Zone Books, New York. scholarly
• Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan, The Art and Science of Healing: From Antiquity to the Renaissance (exhibition: the Canon). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• King's College London Archives, Publication of the results in Nature, 1954 (Jean Hanson exhibition). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Life in the Fast Lane (eponym library), Gabriele Falloppio. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Luca Tonetti, Frogs' lungs and Malpighi's discovery of pulmonary capillaries. 2015. Acta Phlebologica 16(1):41–51. Link · Archive scholarly
• M. A. Kamp, Y. Tahsim-Oglou, H.-J. Steiger, D. Hänggi, Traumatic Brain Injuries in the Ancient Egypt: Insights from the Edwin Smith Papyrus. 2012. Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1313635. Link · Archive scholarly
• M. Akmal, M. Zulkifle, A. H. Ansari, Ibn Nafis – a forgotten genius in the discovery of pulmonary blood circulation. 2010. Heart Views 11(1):26–30. Link · Archive scholarly
• Marcello Malpighi, De pulmonibus observationes anatomicae (two letters to Borelli). 1661. Bologna. primary
• McGill University, Office for Science and Society, [Retrospective on the 2018 interstitium 'new organ' claim]. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• Michael Servetus, Christianismi restitutio. 1553. primary
• Museo Galileo, Florence, Realdo Colombo (biography). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Muslim Heritage, Ibn al-Haytham on eye and brain. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Nature correspondence, [Letter on Needham's and Unschuld's readings of Chinese circulation passages]. 2000. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• Neuss, Blood money: Harvey's De motu cordis (1628) as an exercise in accounting. 2018. British Journal for the History of Science. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• Olof Rudbeck, Nova exercitatio anatomica, exhibens ductus hepaticos aquosos et vasa glandularum serosa. 1653. Västerås. primary
• Oxford University Research Archive, [Paper on Isaac Vossius and Robert Hooke and European views of Chinese learning]. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• P. C. Benias, R. G. Wells, B. Sackey-Aboagye, et al. (N. D. Theise), Structure and Distribution of an Unrecognized Interstitium in Human Tissues. 2018. Scientific Reports 8:4947. primary
• Paolo Mascagni, Vasorum lymphaticorum corporis humani historia et ichnographia. 1787. Siena. primary
• Paul Langerhans, Beiträge zur mikroskopischen Anatomie der Bauchspeicheldrüse. 1869. Berlin. primary
• Paul U. Unschuld, Medicine in China: A History of Ideas. 1985. University of California Press. scholarly
• Pope Boniface VIII, Detestande feritatis (De sepulturis). 1299/1300. primary
• Prodromos Hytiroglou, Ian R. Wanless, The Interstitial Space Takes Shape. 2018. Hepatology 69(4):1830–1832. doi:10.1002/hep.30268. scholarly
• Realdo Colombo, De re anatomica libri XV. 1559. primary
• Revista Brasileira de Neurologia (História da Neurologia), [The arterial circle of Willis and its precursors]. 2021. Link · Archive scholarly · details pending
• Royal Collection Trust, Leonardo da Vinci, The aortic valve c.1512–13 (RCIN 919082). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Royal College of Physicians, Thomas Willis: the father of neurology. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Royal College of Surgeons of England, Library, Gaspare Aselli, De lactibus sive lacteis venis (1627). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Royal Society Archive catalogue, Leeuwenhoek letter on spermatozoa, 1677 (EL/L3/7). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Royal Society of Biology, Insulin (Biology Changing the World stories). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Rudolf Virchow, Die Cellularpathologie. 1858. Berlin. primary
• Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves. 1888. Revista Trimestral de Histología Normal y Patológica. primary
• Scientifica, Meet the Nobels: Golgi and Cajal. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• Sebastian Pranghofer, 'It could be Seen more Clearly in Unreasonable Animals than in Humans': The Representation of the Rete Mirabile in Early Modern Anatomy. 2009. Medical History 53(4):561–586. doi:10.1017/s0025727300000557. Link · Archive scholarly
• Stanford University, History 13 course reader, William Harvey (1578–1657). n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library, Vesalius: Fabrica (Histories of Anatomy exhibit). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• The Nobel Foundation, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923. 1923. primary
• The Nobel Foundation, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 (Golgi and Cajal), with Nobel lectures. 1906. primary
• Theophrastus, De sensibus (On the Senses). c. 300 BCE. primary
• Thomas Bartholin, Vasa lymphatica. 1653. Copenhagen. primary
• Thomas Willis (plates by Christopher Wren), Cerebri anatome. 1664. London. primary
• U.S. National Library of Medicine, Islamic Medical Manuscripts, Anatomy: Mansur ibn Ilyas, Tashrih-i Mansuri. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• University at Buffalo, History of Communication Disorders, Edwin Smith Papyrus 1700 BC. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary
• University of Bologna (Scienza Giovane), Malpighi (continued). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• University of Iowa, Heirs of Hippocrates, Bichat, Traité des membranes (record 1256). n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• University of Missouri Digital Library (record), De Venarum Ostiolis. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• University of Padua (800 Anni), Gabriele Falloppio o Falloppia. n.d.. Link · Archive scholarly
• Washington Square News (NYU), Langone Discovered New Organ in the Human Body. 2018. Link · Archive secondary
• Wellcome Collection (catalogue record, ref. 574912i), Ayurvedic Man. c. 1800?. Link · Archive scholarly
• Wellcome Collection (catalogue record), Bronze Man acupuncture figurine, front view, Chinese woodcut (1537 edition). 1537. Link · Archive scholarly
• Wellcome Collection (catalogue record), Bronze Man acupuncture figurine, side view, Chinese woodcut (1537 edition). 1537. Link · Archive scholarly
• Wellcome Collection (catalogue record), Rules for acupuncture prohibitions, Chinese woodcut, 1443. 1443. Link · Archive scholarly
• Wellcome Collection (catalogue record), Location of the Four Flower Points, Chinese woodcut, 1443. 1443. Link · Archive scholarly
• Wellcome Collection (essay), Mapping the body with Ayurvedic Man. 2017. Link · Archive scholarly
• William Harvey, Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus. 1628. William Fitzer, Frankfurt. Link · Archive primary
• World Journal of Dentistry (review), [Review of Sushruta and ancient Indian surgery]. n.d.. Link · Archive secondary · details pending
• Xavier Bichat, Traité des membranes en général et de diverses membranes en particulier. 1800. Paris. primary